We developed the Variational Multiscale Immersed Boundary (VMIB) method for turbulent flows. The immersed-boundary methods have the advantage of geometric flexibility not necessitating the conforming discretizations around the complex boundaries, thereby significantly mitigate the meshing problem. The developed VMIB-LES method is applied to the aerodynamic analysis of a high-speed train to mimic a virtual wind tunnel test. The flexibility to accommodate non-matching meshes is of great practical value in industrial design applications.
Soonpil Kang 